Input impedance formula

I leave it to other sources to provide the complex equations needed to precisely model coaxial cables. a = outside radius of inner conductor (inches) b = inside radius of outer conductor (inches) c = speed of light in a vacuum = 299,792 km/s = 186,282 mi/s. ε = dielectric constant = ε0 * εr. ε0 = permittivity of free space = 8.85419 x 10 ...

Impedance and Complex Impedance. In an Alternating Current, known commonly as an "AC circuit", impedance is the opposition to current flowing around the circuit. Impedance is a value given in Ohms that is the combined effect of the circuits current limiting components within it, such as Resistance (R), Inductance (L), and Capacitance (C).If you’ve recently received an activation code from Publishers Clearing House (PCH), you’re probably excited to claim your prize. The next step in the process is to input your activation code into the PCH Activation Code Input Form.This section will relate the phasors of voltage and current waves through the transmission-line impedance. In equations eq:TLVolt - eq:TLCurr and are the phasors of forward and reflected going voltage waves anywhere on the transmission line (for any ). First, the low source impedance indicates that the op-amp can sink a lot of current without a significant voltage change. Also, from the result, you’ll notice that the input impedance of the op-amp resembles the load impedance of what is showing the op-amp output range signal. In addition, the output impedance of the op-amp and output ... Since the input is fed to an ADC of a microcontroller that is extremely likely to be a sample-hold converter, the impedance needs to be considered on both DC and AC domains. In AC domain, the 100nF capacitor alone has sufficient AC impedance during the sampling period to make a single measurement accurate enough, regardless of DC impedance.The term “characteristic impedance” can simply refer to a circuit’s impedance as calculated from equivalent circuit rules or Ohm’s law. With real circuits that are used as networks, the delineation between a network’s characteristic impedance and its input impedance becomes less clear, and the two terms are often misunderstood or ...Another explanation: For large values of the open-loop gain Ao (usually 1E5...1E6) the input differential voltage between both opamp inputs is in the microvolt range and can be neglected. Hence, we assume that the node voltage at the inv. input is at "virtual" ground - and the right side of R1 apprears to be grounded. Hence Rin=R1.

The generalized formula for input impedance is as follows: ZIN = *IN. Audio Amplifier Input Impedance. An audio amplifier’s input impedance is the measure of the amplifier’s opposition to the current flowing through the input. The input impedance is important because it affects the load that is placed on the source (e.g. microphone, CD ...The input, load and characteristic impedances of a quarter wave line are related by the following equation: ZS = Z0 2/ Z L where: ZS is the input impedance Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line ZL is the load impedance Quarter wave lines are generally used to transform an impedance from one value to another. …I know that the impedance of the voltage divider is R 1 R 2 R 1 + R 2 and the impedance of the emitter follower is β R 3, where β is the …The input impedance of a load ZA is transformed by a transmission line as in the above equation. This equation can cause ZA to be transformed radically. An example will now be presented. Example. Consider a voltage source, with generator impedance Zg, hooked to an antenna with impedance ZA via a transmission line. 3.7: Characteristic Impedance. Characteristic impedance is the ratio of voltage to current for a wave that is propagating in single direction on a transmission line. This is an important parameter in the analysis and design of circuits and systems using transmission lines. In this section, we formally define this parameter and derive an ...Second-order differential equation complex propagation constant attenuation constant (Neper/m) Phase constant Transmission Line Equation First Order Coupled Equations! ... input impedance, one when terminated in a short and another when terminated in an open, can be used to find its characteristic impedance Z 0 andIn summary, it ensures the transfer of current or voltage from the first circuit, which has a high output impedance level, to the second circuit that has a low input impedance level. The interpolated buffer amplifier inhibits the second circuit from overloading the first circuit and impeding proper functionality.

For each input, Equation 1 defines the effective input resistance as: Let’s start with the easy part first: the noninverting input. ... is in parallel with RIN(N) for common mode voltages, 50k || 50k = 25k. The differential input impedance can be done "by inspection" by remembering that there is a "vitual short" between the two op amp inputs ...Real non-inverting op-amp. In a real op-amp circuit, the input (Z in) and output (Z out) impedances are not idealized to be equal to respectively +∞ and 0 Ω. Instead, the input impedance has a high but finite value, the output impedance has a low but non-zero value. The non-inverting configuration still remains the same as the one presented ...The formula for impedance is, Z = R +jX. Admittance of an AC circuit is the reciprocal of its impedance. Using the impedance value one can easily derive the Admittance values of the circuit. Admittance ‘Y’ can be measured as Y = 1/Z. where ‘Z’ is the impedance, Z = R+jX. So, admittance ‘Y’ can be written as, Y = 1/R+jX.May 19, 2023 · You can calculate impedance using a simple mathematical formula. Formula Cheatsheet Impedance Z = R or X L or X C (if only one is present) Impedance in series only Z = √ (R 2 + X 2) (if both R and one type of X are present) Impedance in series only Z = √ (R 2 + (|X L - X C |) 2) (if R, XL, and XC are all present) Feedback also has important effects on the input and output impedances of an amplifier, with the type of modification dependent on the topology of the amplifier-feedback network combination. Figure 2.14 …

Do colleges have classes on veterans day.

Smith Chart in Figure fig:SCDerscadmimp has impedance circles, and impedance coordinates on it. We can use this Smith Chart to read off the values for the impedance, and reflection coefficient. In the next section, we will learn to use impedance/admittance (Z/Y) Smith Chart, where both impedance and admittance circles are shown.The generalised formula for the input impedance of any circuit is ZIN = VIN/IIN. The DC bias circuit sets the DC operating “Q” point of the transistor. The input capacitor, C1acts as an open circuit and therefore blocks any externally applied DC voltage. At DC (0Hz) the input impedance (ZIN) of the circuit will be … See moreThe output impedance of a device can simply be determined. We use a load resistance R load, to load the signal source impedance Z source.The output voltage is open initially without load as open-circuit voltage V 1 (Switch is open, that means R load is infinity) and then measured as V 2 under load with R load at point IN (Switch is closed).The input impedance of a short- or open-circuited lossless transmission line is completely imaginary-valued and is given by Equations 3.16.2 3.16.2 and 3.16.3 3.16.3, respectively. The input impedance of a short- or open-circuited lossless transmission line alternates between open- ( Zin → ∞ Z i n → ∞) and short-circuit ( Zin = 0 Z i n ...

In other words, if the load impedance is equal to the transmission line characteristic impedance, the input impedance will be likewise be equal to Z 0 regardless of the transmission line length A. 4. L L ZjX= If the load is purely reactive (i.e., the resistive component is zero), the input impedance is: Z 0,β A ZL=Z0 in 0 ZZ=Amplifier Impedances. Input impedance varies considerably with the circuit configuration shown in Figure below. It also varies with biasing. Not considered here, the input impedance is complex and varies with frequency. For the common-emitter and common-collector, it is base resistance times β. The base resistance can be both internal and ... First, the low source impedance indicates that the op-amp can sink a lot of current without a significant voltage change. Also, from the result, you’ll notice that the input impedance of the op-amp resembles the load impedance of what is showing the op-amp output range signal. In addition, the output impedance of the op-amp and output ...There are numerous ways to find the input impedance in SPICE, but from the simulation waveforms shown in Figure 3, we see the expected input and output voltages for double termination with equal impedances. RG RG RT Virtual Short ZIN VP VN Figure 2. Balanced input impedance Time (s) 0.00 1.00u 2.00u 3.00u Vsig+/--2.00 2.00 Vin+/--1.00 1.00 ...Impedance. Impedance (symbol Z) is a measure of the overall opposition of a circuit to current, in other words: how much the circuit impedes the flow of charge. It is like resistance, but it also takes into account the effects of capacitance and inductance. Impedance is measured in ohms ( ). Impedance is more complex than resistance because the ...This RLC impedance calculator will help you to determine the impedance formula for RLC, phase difference, and Q of RLC circuit for a given sinusoidal signal frequency. You only need to know the resistance, the inductance, and the capacitance values connected in series or parallel.. You can interpret the name 'RLC circuit' to mean a circuit consisting of a resistor, …Impedance parameters or Z-parameters (the elements of an impedance matrix or Z-matrix) are properties used in electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and communication systems engineering to describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks. They are also used to describe the small-signal ( linearized) response of non ...This is extremely important as we will see. Let's say an antenna has an impedance of 50 ohms. This means that if a sinusoidal voltage is applied at the antenna terminals with an amplitude of 1 Volt, then the current will have an amplitude of 1/50 = 0.02 Amps. Since the impedance is a real number, the voltage is in-phase with the current.ROG Maximus Z790 Formula. The ROG Maximus Z790 Formula is the ultimate motherboard to feature our head-turning Moonlight White aesthetic. Beneath this bold expression lies a powerhouse arsenal of features, including the exclusive HybridChill VRM cooling system ready to elevate 14th-gen Intel ® processors, advanced DDR5 settings, a multitude of PCIe 5.0 slots for both graphics cards and ...

Sep 12, 2022 · Example 3.19.1 3.19. 1: 300-to- 50 Ω 50 Ω match using an quarter-wave section of line. Design a transmission line segment that matches 300 Ω 300 Ω to 50 Ω 50 Ω at 10 GHz using a quarter-wave match. Assume microstrip line for which propagation occurs with wavelength 60% that of free space.

Calculation of input resistance, or, more correctly, input impedance, was presented in Chapter 2. In the case of a noninverting configuration, we found that the open-loop input resistance of the op amp is magnified when the feedback loop is closed. Equation (2.29) is used to determine the effective input impedance once the loop is closed.Dipole antenna used by the radar altimeter in an airplane. Animated diagram of a half-wave dipole antenna receiving a radio wave. The antenna consists of two metal rods connected to a receiver R. The electric field (E, green arrows) of the incoming wave pushes the electrons in the rods back and forth, charging the ends alternately positive ...Hi Chloe. Impedance (Z) is defined as the ratio of Voltage to Current (V/I). In the most general sense impedance has a complex value. Z = real part + j imaginary part. For a …Antenna impedance relates the voltage to the current at the input to the antenna. This is extremely important as we will see. Let's say an antenna has an impedance of 50 ohms. This means that if a sinusoidal voltage is applied at the antenna terminals with an amplitude of 1 Volt, then the current will have an amplitude of 1/50 = 0.02 Amps.Transmission line. Schematic of a wave moving rightward down a lossless two-wire transmission line. Black dots represent electrons, and the arrows show the electric field. One of the most common types of transmission line, coaxial cable. In electrical engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct ... input impedance, one when terminated in a short and another when terminated in an open, can be used to find its characteristic impedance Z 0 and electrical length . 13.6: Admittance. In general, the impedance of a circuit is partly resistive and partly reactive: Z = R + jX. The real part is the resistance, and the imaginary part is the reactance. The relation between V and I is V = IZ. If the circuit is purely resistive, V and I are in phase.Input impedance, (Z IN) Infinite – Input impedance is the ratio of input voltage to input current and is assumed to be infinite to prevent any current flowing from the source supply into the amplifiers input circuitry ( I IN = 0). Real op-amps have input leakage currents from a few pico-amps to a few milli-amps. Output impedance, (Z OUT) The input impedance of an amplifier is quoted at specified signal frequencies. The input impedance is the ratio of a small-signal input sine wave voltage across the input …Sep 12, 2022 · Example 3.19.1 3.19. 1: 300-to- 50 Ω 50 Ω match using an quarter-wave section of line. Design a transmission line segment that matches 300 Ω 300 Ω to 50 Ω 50 Ω at 10 GHz using a quarter-wave match. Assume microstrip line for which propagation occurs with wavelength 60% that of free space.

What did the great plains eat.

Relationship building.

As the input impedance is low, it is good for matching sources with a low input impedance due the the maximum power theorem, but it draws more current, implying high power consumption from the signal source. 3.1 Summary of the CG Ampli er 1. The CG ampli er has a low input resistance 1=g m. This is undesirable as it will draw large current when ...The conversion of a 50Ω-referenced S-parameter to 75Ω begins with equation 1. Both the S-parameter and input impedance are complex numbers (R + jX), where R represents the real component, and the X represents the imaginary component. Z O is usually a real impedance. For the sake of simplicity, input return loss (S 11) will be considered ...Both points yield the equation I = I1 + I2. Page 4. 7. VI. Computing the Effective Resistance of Networks of Resistors.Therefore, this calculator also suggests a value for W. The radiation edge input impedance is also calculated and is based on W. Synthesize. Enter the desired resonant frequency (f r)to determine the physical length (L) and width (W) of the microstrip line. The input impedance at the radiation edge is also computed.l = tr x 2 in/ns. The characteristic impedance of the trace can be calculated using the below formula: Formula to calculate characteristic impedance of a PCB trace. Where, εr is the dielectric constant of the material (as per the datasheet) H is the height of the trace above ground. W is the width of the trace.The input impedance of an amplifier is the input impedance “seen” by the source driving the input of the amplifier. If it is too low, it can have an adverse loading effect on the previous stage and possibly affecting the frequency response and output signal level of that stage.The antenna impedance for a half-wavelength folded dipole antenna can be found from the above equation for ZA; the result is ZA=4*Zd. At resonance, the impedance of a half-wave dipole antenna is approximately 70 Ohms, so that the input impedance for a half-wave folded dipole antenna is roughly 280 Ohms.Input impedance, (Z IN) Infinite – Input impedance is the ratio of input voltage to input current and is assumed to be infinite to prevent any current flowing from the source supply into the amplifiers input circuitry ( I IN = 0). Real op-amps have input leakage currents from a few pico-amps to a few milli-amps. Output impedance, (Z OUT) Aug 6, 2020 · In summary, it ensures the transfer of current or voltage from the first circuit, which has a high output impedance level, to the second circuit that has a low input impedance level. The interpolated buffer amplifier inhibits the second circuit from overloading the first circuit and impeding proper functionality. Impedance (symbol Z) is a measure of the overall opposition of a circuit to current, in other words: how much the circuit impedes the flow of charge. It is like resistance, but it also takes into account the effects of capacitance and inductance. Impedance is measured in ohms ( ). Impedance is more complex than resistance because the effects of ... ….

Here we tackle a circuit that you may encounter on the homework or in your exams. This is slightly tricker than the basics, but it covers many important thin...In this case, as the output is open, there will be no current in the output port. i.e. In this condition, the ratio of input voltage to input current is mathematically represented as, This known as the input impedance of the network, while the output port is open. This is denoted by Z 11 So, finally, Similarly, Now, Voltage source V 2 is connected across port …Slip of a motor can be found from the formula: s = (η sync -η m )/ η sync * 100. η sync = Speed of magnetic field. η m = Mechanical shaft speed. Calculation: The rotor speed of a 4 pole induction motor at 50 Hz is 1200 r/min. Calculate its slip. Solution: Rotor speed = η m = 1200 r/min. Where η sync = 120 * 50 / 4 = 1500 r/min.Input Impedance of Emitter Follower V EE105Spring2008 Lecture10,Slide8Prof.Wu,UC Berkeley • The input impedance of emitter follower is exactly the same as that of CE stage with emitter degeneration. This is not surprisingbecause theinputimpedance of CEwith emitter degeneration does notdepend onthe collector resistance. (1 )Breastfeeding doesn’t work for every mom. Sometimes formula is the best way of feeding your child. Are you bottle feeding your baby for convenience? If so, ready-to-use formulas are your best option. There’s no need to mix. You just open an...Input force is the initial force used to get a machine to begin working. Machines are designed to increase the input force for a larger output force. The quality of a machine is measured by mechanical advantage. The mechanical advantage is ...Aug 6, 2017 · The input impedance is at least the impedance between non-inverting (+) and inverting inputs, which is typically 1 MΩ to 10 TΩ, plus the impedance of the path from the inverting input to ground (i.e., in parallel with ). Getting an HDTV signal to a TV set without coaxial cable inputs will require an HDTV converter box. With many HDTV options, like digital satellite systems, an external converter box or receiver is required. The two best ways to hook up the ...Impedance of a Capacitor • The impedance of a capacitor depends on frequency • At low frequencies (F ≈ 0) and a capacitor behaves like an open circuit. Thus, if we are doing a “DC” analysis of a circuit (voltages and currents), capacitors are modeled as open circuits. • At very high frequencies (F ≈ infinity) Input impedance formula, The impedance of the load, as seen by the source, can be plotted by probing the IN node and the current flowing into L1. In the waveform window, right click over I(L1) and copy the text. Then right click over the V(in) icon and change the text to “V(in)/I(L1)” to plot the input impedance of the matching network, as shown in Figure 5., P = √3 x VL x IL x CosФ. The same is explained in 3-Phase Circuit MCQs with explanatory Answer (MCQs No.1) Similarly, Total Reactive Power = Q = √3 x VL x IL x SinФ. Where Cos Φ = Power factor = the phase angle between Phase Voltage and Phase Current and not between Line current and line voltage., Hi Chloe. Impedance (Z) is defined as the ratio of Voltage to Current (V/I). In the most general sense impedance has a complex value. Z = real part + j imaginary part. For a …, A resistor–capacitor circuit (RC circuit), or RC filter or RC network, is an electric circuit composed of resistors and capacitors.It may be driven by a voltage or current source and these will produce different responses. A first order RC circuit is composed of one resistor and one capacitor and is the simplest type of RC circuit. RC circuits can be used to filter …, The Inverting Operational Amplifier configuration is one of the simplest and most commonly used op-amp topologies. The inverting operational amplifier is basically a constant or fixed-gain amplifier producing a negative output voltage as its gain is always negative. We saw in the last tutorial that the Open Loop Gain, ( A VO ) of an operational ..., INPUT AND OUTPUT IMPEDANCE – INVERTING CASE Formulas for the input and output impedance for an inverting amplifier are derived in H&H Section 4.26. When the open loop gain is large, the negative input of the op-amp is a virtual ground and so the input impedance is just equal to R. This is very different from the non-inverting case where the ... , The impedance of the load, as seen by the source, can be plotted by probing the IN node and the current flowing into L1. In the waveform window, right click over I(L1) and copy the text. Then right click over the V(in) icon and change the text to “V(in)/I(L1)” to plot the input impedance of the matching network, as shown in Figure 5., Sep 12, 2022 · Equation 3.15.1 is the input impedance of a lossless transmission line having characteristic impedance Z0 and which is terminated into a load ZL. The result also depends on the length and phase propagation constant of the line. Note that Zin(l) is periodic in l. Since the argument of the complex exponential factors is 2βl, the frequency at ... , First, the low source impedance indicates that the op-amp can sink a lot of current without a significant voltage change. Also, from the result, you’ll notice that the input impedance of the op-amp resembles the load impedance of what is showing the op-amp output range signal. In addition, the output impedance of the op-amp and output ... , The impedance of the load, as seen by the source, can be plotted by probing the IN node and the current flowing into L1. In the waveform window, right click over I(L1) and copy the text. Then right click over the V(in) icon and change the text to “V(in)/I(L1)” to plot the input impedance of the matching network, as shown in Figure 5., The input impedance, Zin, of the shorted microstrip line is shown in Figure 3.5.3. The plots show the magnitude and phase of the input impedance. The phase is mostly + 90 ∘ or − 90 ∘, indicating that Zin is mostly reactive. At low frequencies near 0 GHz, the input impedance is inductive since., In the test case 1, the input current across the op-amp is given as 1mA.As the input impedance of the op-amp is very high, the current start to flow through the feedback resistor and the output voltage is dependable on the feedback resistor value times the current is flowing, governed by the formula Vout = -Is x R1 as we discussed earlier., The return loss at the input and output ports can be calculated from the reflection coefficient, S 11 or S 22, as follows: RL IN = 20log10|S 11 | dB. RL OUT = 20log10|S 22 | dB. The reflection coefficient is calculated from the characteristic impedance of the transmission line and the load impedance as follows: Γ = (Z L - Z O)/(Z L + Z O), A transformer is used with a turns ratio of 2:1, therefore the voltage ratio will also be 2:1 so the output voltage will be a half of the input voltage. Meanwhile the output current will be twice the input current. Therefore …, In this case, if R2 carries 10 times the base current, R1 of the series chain must pass R2’s current plus the transistor’s base current, as shown in Figure 1. Any general formula for calculating the input impedance of a circuit is VIN/IIN = ZIN. When the DC bias circuit is active, the transistor has a DC operating point of Q., First, the low source impedance indicates that the op-amp can sink a lot of current without a significant voltage change. Also, from the result, you’ll notice that the input impedance of the op-amp resembles the load impedance of what is showing the op-amp output range signal. In addition, the output impedance of the op-amp and output ..., Amplifier Impedances. Input impedance varies considerably with the circuit configuration shown in Figure below. It also varies with biasing. Not considered here, the input impedance is complex and varies with frequency. For the common-emitter and common-collector, it is base resistance times β. The base resistance can be both internal and ... , As the feedback capacitor, C begins to charge up due to the influence of the input voltage, its impedance Xc slowly increase in proportion to its rate of charge. The capacitor charges up at a rate determined by the RC time constant, ( τ) of the series RC network.Negative feedback forces the op-amp to produce an output voltage that maintains a virtual earth at …, A two-port impedance model represents the voltages of a system as a function of currents. The Z-parameter matrix of a two-port model is of order 2 2. The elements are either driving point impedances or transfer impedances. The condition of reciprocity or symmetry existing in a system can be easily identified from the Z-parameters., Admittance is defined as a measure of how easily a circuit or device will allow current to flow through it. Admittance is the reciprocal (inverse) of impedance, akin to how conductance and resistance are related. The SI unit of admittance is the siemens (symbol S). To reiterate the above definition: let us first go through some important terms ..., The input impedance of an oscilloscope is a complex quantity which can be represented by a resistance in parallel with a capacitance between the scope input terminal and the ground. The impedance is thus frequency dependent. a) First, determine the internal scope resistance with a DC signal. Apply the same method as used for the measurement of ..., In the test case 1, the input current across the op-amp is given as 1mA.As the input impedance of the op-amp is very high, the current start to flow through the feedback resistor and the output voltage is dependable on the feedback resistor value times the current is flowing, governed by the formula Vout = -Is x R1 as we discussed earlier., Apr 5, 2020 · Input Impedance. This transmission line impedance value is important in impedance matching and can be used to quantify when a transmission line has surpassed the critical length; take a look at the linked article to see how you can quantify permissible impedance mismatch. Without repeating everything in that article, the input impedance depends ... , Broadband Impedance Transformers Consider placing an ideal transformer between source and load Transformer basics (passive, zero loss) Transformer input impedance V s R S R L V out I in I out R in V in 1:N 26 , You can calculate impedance using a simple mathematical formula. Formula Cheatsheet Impedance Z = R or X L or X C (if only one is present) Impedance in series only Z = √ (R 2 + X 2) (if both R and one type of X are present) Impedance in series only Z = √ (R 2 + (|X L - X C |) 2) (if R, XL, and XC are all present), I don't always look at him like this. Heck, I don't always really SEE him. That's what eleven years of marriage does. It impedes your vision. You start to see... Edit Your Post Published by jthreeNMe on February 26, 2020 I do..., Example 3.19.1 3.19. 1: 300-to- 50 Ω 50 Ω match using an quarter-wave section of line. Design a transmission line segment that matches 300 Ω 300 Ω to 50 Ω 50 Ω at 10 GHz using a quarter-wave match. Assume microstrip line for which propagation occurs with wavelength 60% that of free space., The generalised formula for the input impedance of any circuit is ZIN = VIN/IIN. The DC bias circuit sets the DC operating “Q” point of the transistor. The input capacitor, C1acts as an open circuit and therefore blocks any externally applied DC voltage. At DC (0Hz) the input impedance (ZIN) of the circuit will be … See more, The input impedance of the noninverting amplifier circuit (refer to Figure 2.12) is essentially equal to the input impedance of the (+) input terminal of the op amp modified by the feedback effects. That is, the only current leaving the source must flow into or out of the op amp as bias current for the (+) input. ... (2.1) and Equation (2.28 ..., For a sinusoidal input, the steady-state response is also sinusoidal. ... In Figure 6, we implicitly assumed that the impedance of the signal source (not shown) is matched to the line characteristic impedance. ... The above equation specifies the portion of the input power that bounces back and forth between the input and output ports due …, The actual input impedance to the terminated line is (1 - j0.75)50= 50 - j37.5 = Z IN Whatwe will be doing later is to add a reactive component that will cancel the reactive component of the input impedance, resulting in an input impedance equal to Z 0 (a perfect match). We will do this using “single-stub”matching. , Apr 1, 2023 ... In this model, the load is located at d = 0, and the source is located at d = L, [3]. Note that, in either model, the input impedance to the ..., The input impedance of the half-wavelength dipole antenna is given by Zin = 73 + j42.5 Ohms. The fields from the half-wave dipole antenna are given by: The directivity of a half-wave dipole antenna is 1.64 (2.15 dB). The HPBW is 78 degrees. In viewing the impedance as a function of the dipole length in the section on dipole antennas, it can be ...